Sick Koi

Sick Koi but good water parameters in outdoor Koi Pond??

Hello,

I’m currently babysitting my parents’ outdoor koi pond and will be doing so for about 2 weeks. It’s quite a large pond (10,000 gallons and spans half of our backyard). We have several large koi (length of adult forearm) and several smaller goldfish (length of adult palm) and based on the number of fish, the pond may be overstocked. The outdoor temperature in Vancouver has been quite variable this summer (16 – 32 degrees Celcius. Low-mid 20’s this week but the temperature was up to 30 degrees over the last 2 weeks). For some reason the pond is losing about 4 inches of water each day so we refill the pond with a bit of fresh water each day (like a 5% daily partial water change!). My parents have had this pond for about 5 years.

At first glace, the fish look relatively healthy (full scales/fins) but there are always a few fish in the pond that have finrot, sores on the body or strange growths. Some fish have had raised scales, pineconing and died not having released their eggs. The fish have been exposed to salt and antibiotics many times. Sometimes the treatment works, but on average about 1 fish dies each month and my parents replace them. At the moment, one very large fish currently has sores on one side, some raised scales and prefers to swim at the bottom of the pond and doesn’t seem interested in food. Another strange observation: when I fed the fish this morning, I noticed that 3 smaller fish appeared to be chewing/biting another small fish of similar size in a corner of the pond. When I threw food at them, all of them swam away. What does this mean??

Seeing that there are always ill fish, I assumed that there must be problems with the water quality. However, when I tested the water parameters of a sample of pond water today, they seemed ok:
Ammonia: 0-0.1
Nitrite: 0-0.1
Nitrate: 5-10
pH: 7.2-7.4
KH: 10
GH: 20
Phosphate: 1

I came across your site and thought that the garlic may help. My parents usually feed Hikari pellets twice a day, so over the last 2 days I have been feeding a mix of presoaked pellets and cooked peas but I think only the smaller fish were able to see the crumbled peas because the large koi swam right through the small bits.

I have attached some images of the pond. Please let me know if you have any ideas

Thanks!!

-M

By | 2019-04-01T10:25:45-05:00 July 12th, 2017|Categories: Goldfish Koi Health Issues|

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235 Comments

  1. Venus August 29, 2017 at 11:17 pm

    I think the only treatment you need right now is time

  2. emme August 29, 2017 at 11:09 pm

    Good idea. I will pull up one of the koi later and see if I can snap a picture.

    I should amend my previous question with Melafix for bacteria and Pimafix for fungus*

  3. Venus August 29, 2017 at 11:02 pm

    Catch up one of the fish with the white patches, and inspect it. Is it fuzzy, can you wipe it off?

    Be patient. It takes time to cure fish that have been in bad water for years. Scales that have been damaged, either repair or fall off, and new one grown

  4. emme August 29, 2017 at 10:51 pm

    Sounds good.

    I’ve noticed a few fish have white patches on their backs. Might be fungal? Some have them that I didn’t notice before. The parched look like worn scales that have become grey or white. The water quality should be quite good now. KH~90 and GH~180 with enough oxygen.
    How long should I wait to monitor if the fish scales get better? Or if the fungus is resistant or spreading?

    I read about Melafix and that it is natural and does not disrupt the cycle. What do you think about Melafix? Would it help fungal infections?

  5. Venus August 29, 2017 at 9:09 pm

    Yes. Cut the watermelon and toss it in. As for lettuce; feed the green or red leaf lettuce because it has a fair bit of nutritional value, but neither competes with spinach. Ice burg has no value. Blanch it all or the fish will have difficulty tearing it off, and digesting it

    It’s difficult to say how long it will take to clear the water, but if you’re already seeing results; not long

  6. emme August 29, 2017 at 8:24 pm

    Interesting. How does green water/algae get cleared over time with pumps??
    Thanks for your help Venus, we will be more prepared with the pumps when winter comes this year.

    The most adventurous food we have fed is blanched spinach and peas. Is lettuce as nutritious? Can lettuce be fed raw without blanching?
    Watermelon can just be cut up and thrown directly in the pond??

  7. Venus August 29, 2017 at 2:37 pm

    It’s not the oxygen that clears the water, but the movement of the water, which inadvertently allows the water to become oxygenated. Surface movement pulls oxygen from the air above into the water, but only if the body of water is clear

    They say moving water doesn’t freeze, and this is true in most cases. If the movement is powerful enough, and the freeze isn’t too deep. With the winters you guys get in Canada, you would have to have a really powerful pump for the water not to freeze

    They say that a hole must be knocked into the ice in order for the water to breathe, but this isn’t true. If your water is properly oxygenated when it freezes over, it will be oxygenated when it thaws, as your fish become dormant in cold water, using very little oxygen. Your pond is deep enough so that the very bottom will not freeze, and your fish can withstand temperatures above freezing

    The cords to the pumps need to be wrapped to minimize exposure to weather. This keeps them from becoming brittle and cracking. Warm or cold weather ages them. Other than that, if the pumps are on the bottom, they’ll continue to operate, because the water won’t freeze below your freeze line, however, the movement is pointless. Unplug them if the surface freezes over completely, but don’t remove them; just leave them in place. As soon as the water thaws, plug them in. They should be on a surge protector if they’re not already

    Fish don’t hibernate, but they do experience dormancy. Their body temperature is the very same as the water they live in

    When the water temps drop to 64f, reduce feeding, and switch to foods that are easily digested; high in roughage, such as peas, gel food, blanched spinach or lettuce, and toasted wheat germ. I’m sure there are many other foods they enjoy as well, such as you’ve mentioned before; watermelon? Stop feeding at 54f as the digestive system is too slow to get the job done

  8. emme August 29, 2017 at 1:15 pm

    Great. I’ll keep monitoring the water parameters. With the addition of the new pumps, the water looks clearer. I think the improved oxygen is clearing up the green water?
    Will keep monitoring in case those extra 10 koi brought anything weird to the pond with them!
    My parents want to add one more pump because the pond guy wants to use it to vacuum up debris to facilitate filtration….? The pond filtering system hasn’t been working very well lately.

    Side note: Last winter was especially cold in Vancouver and the temperature was consistently around negative 10-15 celcius. The pond froze over, the waterfall didn’t work (also frozen) and the fish hibernated under the frozen pond surface as usual. We only had one submersible pond pump last year in addition to the waterfall. So when everything was frozen, the pond pump stopped working under the ice sheet and was broken when the weather warmed up. The fish survived though. We only replaced that pump this summer when my parents returned from the vacation and I started helping out.

    This winter, we will have 3-4 pond pumps submerged. Once the pond freezes over should the pumps be unplugged? At what temperature should pond pumps be unplugged? Or should they never be unplugged regardless of freezing temperatures?

  9. Venus August 28, 2017 at 8:42 am

    I think you can wait for a spell before adding any more remedies. Just keep the water quality up, and things will turn around. The fish are feeling much better already. Just like our hair and fingernails, it’s going to take time for their scales and fins to repair

    The timing is good. The fish will be in great shape for winter

  10. emme August 27, 2017 at 9:57 pm

    Hi Venus,

    All 10 fish were added to the pond. We now have 2 1800gph pond pumps and 1 240gph pond pump submerged in the pond. There’s also the big pond pump behind the waterfall. I added soda and Epsom as usual and fed spinach. Hopefully all will be well. I have 100 tea bags left over. If anything goes wrong or fish get more sick, shall we do another round of mint?

  11. Venus August 27, 2017 at 7:55 pm

    I would get them in the pond as soon as possible. The water they’re in is low in oxygen. They don’t need anything more than what’s already been added to your pond. They’ll be happy to be released in such a large environment with such good water

  12. emme August 27, 2017 at 7:42 pm

    Parents brought home 10 large koi from a friend’s overstocked pond. The fish are gasping in a box with bubble wands. If we add them to the pond, what else should I add? Dad is asking about salt or potassium permanganate?

  13. Venus August 27, 2017 at 6:49 pm

    Nice to hear your parents are excited, and they should be. At this point I would be surprised if you lost another fish,, but we’re not really out of the woods. Some fish may still be on the edge of good health. Let’s give them every advantage by not stressing the ecosystem. Improving good health takes time

    It won’t be easy, but I would advise your parents to wait until next Spring before adding new fish, and then I would stick to one or two new ones, and here’s why. My guess is, they may have been overstocked. By next Spring the fish will be up to spawning, and your mom could be the proud owner of baby Koi; such fun. When the time comes we’ll discuss how to create hiding spots so they live to join the big school

    Right now the cycle is fragile, the water quality is still slightly unstable, and the fish are still recovering. Let’s not do anything to rock the boat. Next year you guys will have the buffering down, and may have found out if you’re dealing with a leak or not

  14. emme August 27, 2017 at 6:24 pm

    E.g. Things to look out for? Or things to add to the water when a new fish is introduced?

  15. emme August 27, 2017 at 6:20 pm

    Hi Venus,

    After the garlic recipe, I added the mint tea last night. This morning we added 1 extra pond pump. Half of the pond closer to the waterfall has lots of surface action. The other side has less. I think with the extra pumps we can have the waterfall off (it auto turns off when water level low) and see where the water level drops to from the leak without compromising oxygen. That said, can 10,000 gallons be sustained with 2 1800gph pumps and 1 2400gph pump? Or is one more needed??

    Side note: parents are getting excited and want to buy more fish since the last huge koi died. Any advice if we are to add 1-2 koi in a week???

  16. Venus August 25, 2017 at 7:25 am

    Everything you’re doing will work to kill fungus; raising KH and pH, as well as the remedies. Bad bugs can’t tolerate heavily oxygenated water. Oxygen destroys them. Yes, I would add the mint. Mint is a good follow up for garlic. Switching remedies is important, as bad bugs quickly build immunity. The only thing they can’t build immunity to is oxygen

    Yes, add the pond pumps as soon as you can. The extra action will do the fish good. Leave a 10’x 10′ space at the quiet end for feeding though

    Once you get those pumps set up, watch for the action to slow; meaning the sponges are getting clogged. Very important to keep them clear, and with all that green water algae, you’ll need to rinse often

    The healing process is slow but sure. You’re fish should be fit as a fiddle by the time cold weather sets in

  17. emme August 25, 2017 at 1:18 am

    Hi Venus,

    I finally got KH back to 110 and GH to 180. I added a small amount of soda and Epsom to buffer, before adding 6L of hydrogen peroxide (mixed with pond water and poured around the whole pond). I then added the new garlic treatment to the quieter end of the pond. Will feed the garlic spinach and gel for the coming days.

    I may add mint tea in a few days. I’m wondering if the garlic and mint will help with fungus though? Some fish have white grey/patches.

    The pond pumps have arrived. Shall we add them next week after the fish finish eating the gel food and garlic spinach?

  18. Venus August 17, 2017 at 7:44 am

    Types of common algae are green water, blanket or string and last but not least, substrate algae. The latter is the only good form. Instead of free floating, it attaches to something. Green water algae takes up space in the water, keeping oxygen from entering. Blanket or string algae covers the surface, keeping oxygen from entering. These types of algae are found in quiet areas of the pond, and most large ponds are going to have these areas

    Most people don’t realize that algae is algae. The only thing that makes the difference is water movement

    Hopefully the new pumps will provide enough action to discourage green water algae. Algae is very good thing, feeding on nitrates, keeping levels at bay, and indicates a strong cycle. This explains your low nitrate levels. All too often pond keepers use chemicals to eliminate the harmful forms, which of course are hard on the fish and the environment; when all they had to do is increase the action. Increasing the action does much more than eliminate these forms of algae as you know; eliminating Co2 as well

    Once the new pumps are installed, watch for the action to slow. This indicates the sponges are filled with algae, and need rinsing

    Your parents are a little too aggressive with cleaning, but with some a little guidance, maybe you can change this. Exchanging large amounts of water can upset the cycle, and in your case, decrease mineral value, and it’s only a temporary fix, as are chemicals. Increased action is the key

    As for the canister, there should be an intake with a screen over it, and this is where the sponge goes. There’s no need to fasten due to the fact the suctioning should hold it in place. It’s a shame really. Most ponds with water falls are set up as a permanent fixture, and it’s a real feat to take them apart. The good news is; most of the beneficial bacteria will reside in the pond pumps, so I doubt cleaning the canister would cause much of a spike. These types of filtration systems attract mostly bad bugs unfortunately

    Water falls can also be created using pond pumps. The arrangement of the stone should be as such, so that hoses are easily pulled and cleaned or replaced. Few pond builders have concern about maintenance. I often wonder if any of these people even have ponds. lol

  19. emme August 16, 2017 at 10:49 pm

    Hi Venus,
    Due to the setup of the waterfall pump and canister, I don’t think it’s possible to attach extra sponges. I haven’t started the treatment yet. I was maintaining KH and GH but my parents cleaned the canister sponges and did some extensive backwashes so I lost what I had buffered to KH below 80 and GH below 140. I’ve been chasing KH and GH since as it has been dropping daily. KH is currently 60-70 and GH is currently 140. I added 750gm soda tonight so hopefully it will make a difference when I retest tomorrow. My parents Donna leashes to clear the water as there is a lot of green algae/water. How can that be prevented? Would the arrival of the new pond pumps help?

  20. Venus August 16, 2017 at 7:09 am

    Back-washing a filter is a term for clearing the debris. Fasten a sponge over the intake hose, and rinse in old pond water, just as you do the sponges on the pond pumps. You should never have to clean out a pump if the sponges are in place. Every time you clean a pump or filter, you risk losing a portion of your cycle, even though friendly bugs prefer pond pumps over canisters

    If your fish were healthy, I would say a KH reading of 80 isn’t half bad, but your fish need better than that. They need excellent. I think you’re a little timid; afraid of going over

    Did you add the remedy?

  21. emme August 15, 2017 at 10:35 pm

    Hi Venus,

    For some reason KH is steadily decreasing with pH in the pond. I seem to have lost the KH buffering point so when I add tiny amounts of soda it’s no longer doing the trick. This has been since KH dropped below 80. I’m working to increase it again

    • emme August 15, 2017 at 10:43 pm

      Could have been triggered by my parents “backwashing” the filter. Quite a bit of pond water was lost and readded. How often should pond filters be backwashed?

  22. Venus August 14, 2017 at 8:10 pm

    That’s just one reason I was thinking of placing them at the waterfall; perhaps in a strainer? For maximum benefit they should be close to fast moving water no matter where you place them. Shells are simply a mineral block that breaks down gradually

  23. emme August 14, 2017 at 5:29 pm

    Hi Venus, I had no idea I had to fish the shells out of the pond once the water parameters were fine. I assumed I could just leave them in there and they would self-regulate…
    I guess not..?!

    • emme August 14, 2017 at 7:07 pm

      Because that is a lot of shells to remove from the bottom of the pond…

  24. Venus August 14, 2017 at 5:06 pm

    I thought you said you ordered the giant size for ponds, so I thought…gee; they’re really small for giant size. lol

    You can add as many as you want as long as you test regularly. They don’t ‘all of a sudden’ break down, or dissolve over night, so pull them when the KH is right where you want it. I can’t say how long it will take; could be much slower than we hoped for. I would guess the Lower the mineral value in your pond the faster the process

  25. emme August 14, 2017 at 4:11 pm

    I just noticed on the wonder shell package that it’s 1 super size shell per 10-20 gallons. The website I ordered from only had super as its largest shell size…
    Venus, do you think 4 shells will be enough? Or should I be emptying a dozen in there? LOL
    I Probably should be ordering the giant size off Amazon: https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/B003C5RQNY/ref=ox_sc_act_title_1?smid=A1Z1VQ8BBV7A00&psc=1

  26. Venus August 14, 2017 at 12:52 pm

    Sounds like a good starting number; four wonder shells

  27. Venus August 14, 2017 at 12:50 pm

    One right after the other. Oxygen works with any substance

    We should consider creating a new blog post; Sick Koi II. This one has over 200 comments, which is probably causing the problem. Most threads die off after 20 to 30 comments. Am I complaining? Not in the least. I appreciate the activity, and have enjoyed working with you and this pond of your parents very much

  28. emme August 14, 2017 at 11:47 am

    Hi Venus, how much time do I space between the hydrogen peroxide and garlic?
    Do I just add the hydrogen peroxide first in separate buckets a few minutes before garlic? Or 24 hours before?
    Also, I’m not able to see our older conversations again, how much hydrogen peroxide do I add for 10,000 gallons?

    • emme August 14, 2017 at 11:50 am

      Wonder Shells just arrived. They’re a lot smaller than I imagined (half the size of my palm). I will add 4 to the pond tonight!

  29. Venus August 14, 2017 at 6:50 am

    Yes. Perform the treatment now while it’s at its full potential, and yes, it would benefit to add the H202 to the pond before (not after) adding the treatment, but don’t add directly with the treatment itself. I have dandelion in with the garlic, and dandelion reacts to H202 by foaming which we both know would upset you. lol

  30. emme August 13, 2017 at 11:57 pm

    Thank you Venus.

    I’m working on building KH to at least 120 and GH to at least 200. Going very slowly (100gm/day) because I’m afraid too much soda will cause KH to spike again. KH is currently at 80. Shall I mix hydrogen peroxide into this garlic treatment too? I think I’ll do mint a few days after the garlic.

    I keep thinking the additional pumps with
    more oxygen will augment the treatment. But we should start asap on the quiet end yes?

  31. Venus August 13, 2017 at 9:59 pm

    You can group fungus in the bad bug section, so yes, the treatments will help to destroy them, but your best line of defense is excellent water. Oxygen destroys all bad bugs on contact

    You’re working on creating an environment that bad bugs can’t survive in, and this is the key. Healthy fish live in healthy water. It will take time for them to mend, but they are, and that’s the good news. I know it’s hard to believe, but there will soon be a time in your future where you will no longer worry about losing a fish. You didn’t ask for the title, but you’re becoming a real Koi keeper

    Don’t delay in using the remedy; it’s most powerful right now

  32. emme August 13, 2017 at 9:37 pm

    Hi Venus,

    I haven’t’ started the new garlic treatment yet. Will soon. But I’m noticing that some fish have developed white patches on their bodies that look fungal. Just wondering if the new treatment will also cover fungus?

  33. Venus August 11, 2017 at 7:06 am

    Good deal. Things are turning around now. We lost the one fish since we started buffering, and hopefully it will be the last we lose to bad water

    Healthy fish live in healthy water

  34. emme August 10, 2017 at 11:35 pm

    Sounds good. I’ll get KH and GH in therapeutic range again and prepare for garlic recipe. I put the tub in the fridge for the time being

  35. Venus August 10, 2017 at 5:44 pm

    Start the remedy; pour it all in the quiet side, and then feed the fish. It’s to our favor there’s a quiet side of the pond for treating the fish, but once they’ve recovered, that quiet side has got to go

  36. emme August 10, 2017 at 11:28 am

    Hi Venus, we ordered 2 pumps but they will take 2 weeks to arrive. Hopefully the Wonder Shells will arrive before that.
    The mint tea and new garlic recipe has arrived. Should I hold all the recipes and maintain KH/GH until the pumps arrive?
    Or should I start mint already?

  37. Venus August 10, 2017 at 2:30 am

    If they don’t show a sponge in the ad, they don’t come with a sponge. You’ll have to buy them, and if you can’t find, you can use (black) filter sponges. You can sew them together so they slip on and off, but they do sell cylinder sponges, and they come in all sizes. I use real sea sponges. You just hollow out the inside with scissors, and the sponge slips on and off easily

    https://gulfcoastsponge.com/

    Here’s another pump even bigger for a great price; not sure if they ship to Canada though
    https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00TIJYRBC/ref=sxbs_sxwds-stvp_2?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_p=2972357942&pd_rd_wg=azROx&pf_rd_r=1NVW2JMYZA773BDS10RT&pf_rd_s=desktop-sx-bottom-slot&pf_rd_t=301&pd_rd_i=B00TIJYRBC&pd_rd_w=K69FO&pf_rd_i=pond+boss+fountain+pump&pd_rd_r=EDKWN8KYKR3TQ26004G0&ie=UTF8&qid=1502349736&sr=2

  38. Venus August 10, 2017 at 2:26 am

    That looked to me to be a basket over the intake; where the sponge goes, not blades, but that being said, I’ve never seen a basket that looked quite like it, however, I’m sure there’s pumps I haven’t seen. It wouldn’t make since to have blades on the outside now would it

    Here’s another pump with a different shaped basket; they’re all different

    If the pump you order is wrong, you can return it if purchased on Amazon

    https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0068MX7JA/ref=asc_df_B0068MX7JA5115013/?tag=hyprod-20&creative=394997&creativeASIN=B0068MX7JA&linkCode=df0&hvadid=193980915053&hvpos=1o1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=4524122201657430394&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9022865&hvtargid=pla-307386421566

  39. emme August 9, 2017 at 8:38 pm

    I’m not sure if these pumps come with sponges. If not, should we buy and attach our own?
    Venus, we are planning one buying one 1800gph and one 2400 gph pump from the Amazon links I sent you. Both pumps have a horizontal spindle attached to the side. Are those safe for the koi? I don’t think we have those on our current pump and I just want to double check with you since it’s quite a large purchase!

  40. Venus August 9, 2017 at 4:36 pm

    Looks like a good pump alright. Every pond pump must have an aquarium safe sponge wrapped over the intake. Most quality pumps come with cylinder shaped sponges that slide on and off for cleaning ease. The sponges keep the pumps running smooth, as well as clear debris from the water. They should be rinsed in old pond water weekly, or when the action slows

  41. emme August 9, 2017 at 3:53 pm

    Hi Venus,

    I think it’s a combination of leakage and evaporation for the KH. I’m just surprised evaporation isn’t affecting GH.
    Yes, the one pond pump we have is just creating waves at the surface, no fountain.
    We would like to buy more pond pumps because one doesn’t seem to be enough. Since the existing one we’re using is PondMaster, we’re looking at others on Amazon.
    What do you think of this one: https://www.amazon.com/Danner-02728-Pond-1800GPH-Pump/dp/B000BJP4WY/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1502298496&sr=8-1&keywords=pondmaster+1800&refinements=p_72%3A2661618011
    Or this one:
    https://www.amazon.com/Pondmaster-2400gph-Pre-Filter-18-Foot-Power/dp/B00025YV80/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1502298559&sr=8-1&keywords=pondmaster+2400

    Our current pump doesn’t have any controls or sponge

  42. Venus August 9, 2017 at 7:41 am

    Good to know the KH is holding its own. This is really going to change things for the fish. Do the pumps have pipes on them to create fountains? If so, remove them, as these lesson the type of action you really need right now. We need to make waves

    Water evaporates, minerals don’t. They remain in the body of water, so if evaporation is the only issue, you’ll see minerals climb. Maybe you don’t have a leak at all. One would expect to see all minerals climb in value over time with evaporation. I can’t say why GH is dropping and KH remains the same. Your mineral values were so low when you came on board, maybe this in itself tells us you have a leak. When did the evaporation start? It could be a combination; evaporation and a leak

    Rinse sponges as the action slows. Did you see volume controls on the pumps? Are the sponges on the outside of the pumps; over the intakes? This is where they should be, not inside the pumps

    Let’s see a pic of the pond’s surface movement after lowering the pumps and removing the extensions. You can email it to me, and I’ll attach

    No, it’s no fun having to drain a pond of this size, but it can be done if need be. We’ll just keep tabs on it, and if when cool weather sets in, the water table is still lowering, we’ll know it’s not due to evaporation

  43. emme August 9, 2017 at 12:21 am

    I’m wondering also, why KH is staying relatively buffered with the pond leak and evaporation, while GH is decreasing? Or maybe the question should be why does KH increase with evaporation?

  44. emme August 9, 2017 at 12:16 am

    Hi Venus,

    We lowered the pond pump to the deeper middle part of the pond and hope to buy another pond pump soon. The surface action at the top of the water definitely reduced due to the depth of the pump.

    KH has maintained at 100 without any additional soda but GH has dropped quite a bit so I added Epsom to target 180 again.

    We have somewhere between 50-70 fish I would say in this pond. They are all different sizes though. Some are huge (the length of an adult forearm) and the smallest are small enough to fit in the mouthes of the huge koi. The idea of draining a pond and reestablishing the cycle like your friend’s pond sounds very stressful.

    I think at the moment I’ll try to improve the water quality and wait for more pumps to arrive and maintain the KH/GH with those pumps before adding treatment.
    Since learning about the pump situation I didn’t bother with the mint tea.
    But once the new pumps are set up, do you recommend I use mint or your new garlic recipe first when it arrives?

  45. Venus August 6, 2017 at 7:25 am

    Anaerobic bacteria simply put, are bad bacteria

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